Python入门教程

print('hello world')

# 输出字符串 a 或者 b
a = '123'
b = '456'
if a != b:
    print(a)
else:
    print(b)

>>> a,b = 100,200
>>> print(a,type(a),b,type(b))
100 <class 'int'> 200 <class 'int'>

>>> 5 + 4   #加法
9
>>> 5 * 4   #乘法
20
>>> 5 / 4   #除法，得到一个浮点数
1.25
>>> 5 / 4   #除法，得到一个整数
1
>>> 5 - 4   #减法
1
>>> 5 ** 2  # **表示计算幂运算
25

>>> 'hello' # 等价于 "hello"
'hello'
>>> 'doesn\'t'
"doesn't"
>>> '"Yes," they said.'
'"Yes," they said.'
>>> "\"Yes,\" they said."
'"Yes," they said.'

>>> r'C:\some\name'
C:\\some\\name

print('''\
Usage: thingy [OPTIONS]
    -h
    -H hostname
''')

>>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium'
'unununium'

>>> word = 'Python'
>>> word[0]
'P'
>>> word[5]
'n'

>>> word[-1]
'n'
>>> word[-2]
'o'
>>> word[-6]
'P'

>>> word[0:2]   # 前闭后开
'Py'
>>> word[2:5]
'tho'  

>>> word[42]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: string index out of range

>>> word[4:42]
'on'
>>> word[42:]
''

>>> len(word)
6

>>> squares = [1, 3, 4, 5, 0]
>>> squares
[1, 3, 4, 5, 0]

>>> squares[0]
1
>>> squares[-1]
0
>>> squares[-3:]
[4, 5, 0]

>>> squares + [2, 4, 5, 54, 65]
[1, 3, 4, 5, 0, 2, 4, 5, 54, 65]

>>> squares.append(9)
[1, 3, 4, 5, 0, 9]

>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
>>> len(letters)
4

>>> t = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'
>>> t[0]
12345
>>> t
(12345, 54321, 'hello!')
>>> # Tuples may be nested:
... u = t, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
>>> u
((12345, 54321, 'hello!'), (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
>>> # Tuples are immutable:
... t[0] = 88888
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
>>> # but they can contain mutable objects:
... v = ([1, 2, 3], [3, 2, 1])
>>> v
([1, 2, 3], [3, 2, 1])

>>> basket = {'apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana'}
>>> print(basket)                      # show that duplicates have been removed
{'orange', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple'}
>>> 'orange' in basket                 # fast membership testing
True
>>> 'crabgrass' in basket
False

>>> # Demonstrate set operations on unique letters from two words
...
>>> a = set('abracadabra')
>>> b = set('alacazam')
>>> a                                  # unique letters in a
{'a', 'r', 'b', 'c', 'd'}
>>> a - b                              # letters in a but not in b
{'r', 'd', 'b'}
>>> a | b                              # letters in a or b or both
{'a', 'c', 'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}
>>> a & b                              # letters in both a and b
{'a', 'c'}
>>> a ^ b                              # letters in a or b but not both
{'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}

>>> tel = {'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139}
>>> tel['guido'] = 4127
>>> tel
{'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127}
>>> tel['jack']
4098
>>> del tel['sape']
>>> tel['irv'] = 4127
>>> tel
{'jack': 4098, 'guido': 4127, 'irv': 4127}
>>> list(tel)
['jack', 'guido', 'irv']
>>> sorted(tel)
['guido', 'irv', 'jack']
>>> 'guido' in tel
True
>>> 'jack' not in tel
False

>>> dict([('sape', 4139), ('guido', 4127), ('jack', 4098)])
{'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127, 'jack': 4098}

>>> a, b = 21, 10
>>> a + b
31
>>> a - b
11
>>> a * b
210
>>> a / b
2.1
>>> a % b
1
>>> 2 ** 3
8
>>> a // b
2 

>>> a, b = 21, 10
>>> a == b
False
>>> a != b
True
>>> a > b
True
>>> a < b
False
>>> a >= b
False
>>> a <= b
>>> False

>>> a, b = 21, 10
>>> c = a + b
>>> c
31
>>> c += a; print(c)
52
>>> c -= a; print(c)
31
>>> c *= a; print(c)
651
>>> c /= a; print(c)
31.0
>>> c %= a; print(c)
10.0
>>> c //= a; print(c)
0.0
>>> c = 2; c **= a; print(c)
2097152

>>> a = 10
>>> b = 2
>>> ls = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> a in ls
False
>>> a not in ls
True
>>> b in ls
True
>>> b not in ls
False

password = '123456'

pw1 = input('请输入密码：')
if pw1 == '':
    print('输入不能为空')
elif pw1 == password:
    print('登录成功')
else:
    print('密码错误')

>>> string = 'abcdef'
>>> for c in string:
...     print(c)
...
a
b
c
d
e
f

>>> a = 1
>>> while a < 10:
...     print(a)
...     a += 4
... 
1
5
9

>>> for i in range(5):
...     print(i)
...
0
1
2
3
4

range(5, 10)
   5, 6, 7, 8, 9

range(0, 10, 3)
   0, 3, 6, 9

range(-10, -100, -30)
  -10, -40, -70

>>> for n in range(2, 10):
...     for x in range(2, n):
...         if n % x == 0:
...             print(n, 'equals', x, '*', n//x)
...             break
...     else:
...         # loop fell through without finding a factor
...         print(n, 'is a prime number')
...
2 is a prime number
3 is a prime number
4 equals 2 * 2
5 is a prime number
6 equals 2 * 3
7 is a prime number
8 equals 2 * 4
9 equals 3 * 3

>>> for num in range(2, 10):
...     if num % 2 == 0:
...         print("Found an even number", num)
...         continue
...     print("Found a number", num)
Found an even number 2
Found a number 3
Found an even number 4
Found a number 5
Found an even number 6
Found a number 7
Found an even number 8
Found a number 9

>>> while True:
...     pass  # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C)
...

>>> def fib(n):    # write Fibonacci series up to n
...     """Print a Fibonacci series up to n."""
...     a, b = 0, 1
...     while a < n:
...         print(a, end=' ')
...         a, b = b, a+b
...     print()
...
>>> # Now call the function we just defined:
... fib(2000)
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597

def ask_ok(prompt, retries=4, reminder='Please try again!'):
    while True:
        ok = input(prompt)
        if ok in ('y', 'ye', 'yes'):
            return True
        if ok in ('n', 'no', 'nop', 'nope'):
            return False
        retries = retries - 1
        if retries < 0:
            raise ValueError('invalid user response')
        print(reminder)

def parrot(voltage, state='a stiff', action='voom', type='Norwegian Blue'):
    print("-- This parrot wouldn't", action, end=' ')
    print("if you put", voltage, "volts through it.")
    print("-- Lovely plumage, the", type)
    print("-- It's", state, "!")

parrot(1000)                                          # 1 positional argument
parrot(voltage=1000)                                  # 1 keyword argument
parrot(voltage=1000000, action='VOOOOOM')             # 2 keyword arguments
parrot(action='VOOOOOM', voltage=1000000)             # 2 keyword arguments
parrot('a million', 'bereft of life', 'jump')         # 3 positional arguments
parrot('a thousand', state='pushing up the daisies')  # 1 positional, 1 keyword

parrot()                     # required argument missing
parrot(voltage=5.0, 'dead')  # non-keyword argument after a keyword argument
parrot(110, voltage=220)     # duplicate value for the same argument
parrot(actor='John Cleese')  # unknown keyword argument

>>> def fib2(n):  # return Fibonacci series up to n
...     """Return a list containing the Fibonacci series up to n."""
...     result = []
...     a, b = 0, 1
...     while a < n:
...         result.append(a)    # see below
...         a, b = b, a+b
...     return result
...
>>> f100 = fib2(100)    # call it
>>> f100                # write the result
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89]

# Fibonacci numbers module

def fib(n):    # write Fibonacci series up to n
    a, b = 0, 1
    while a < n:
        print(a, end=' ')
        a, b = b, a+b
    print()

def fib2(n):   # return Fibonacci series up to n
    result = []
    a, b = 0, 1
    while a < n:
        result.append(a)
        a, b = b, a+b
    return result

>>> import fibo

>>> fibo.fib(1000)
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987
>>> fibo.fib2(100)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89]
>>> fibo.__name__
'fibo'

>>> fib = fibo.fib
>>> fib(500)
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377

>>> from fibo import fib, fib2
>>> fib(500)
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377

>>> from fibo import *
>>> fib(500)
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377

>>> import fibo as fib
>>> fib.fib(500)
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377

>>> import sys
>>> sys.ps1
'>>> '
>>> sys.ps2
'... '
>>> sys.ps1 = 'C> '
C> print('Yuck!')
Yuck!
C>

>>> import math
>>> print(f'The value of pi is approximately {math.pi:.3f}.')
The value of pi is approximately 3.142.

>>> table = {'Sjoerd': 4127, 'Jack': 4098, 'Dcab': 7678}
>>> for name, phone in table.items():
...     print(f'{name:10} ==> {phone:10d}')
...
Sjoerd     ==>       4127
Jack       ==>       4098
Dcab       ==>       7678

>>> animals = 'eels'
>>> print(f'My hovercraft is full of {animals}.')
My hovercraft is full of eels.
>>> print(f'My hovercraft is full of {animals!r}.')
My hovercraft is full of 'eels'.

>>> print('We are the {} who say "{}!"'.format('knights', 'Ni'))
We are the knights who say "Ni!"

>>> print('{0} and {1}'.format('spam', 'eggs'))
spam and eggs
>>> print('{1} and {0}'.format('spam', 'eggs'))
eggs and spam

>>> print('This {food} is {adjective}.'.format(
...       food='spam', adjective='absolutely horrible'))
This spam is absolutely horrible.

>>> print('The story of {0}, {1}, and {other}.'.format('Bill', 'Manfred',
                                                       other='Georg'))
The story of Bill, Manfred, and Georg.

>>> table = {'Sjoerd': 4127, 'Jack': 4098, 'Dcab': 8637678}
>>> print('Jack: {0[Jack]:d}; Sjoerd: {0[Sjoerd]:d}; '
...       'Dcab: {0[Dcab]:d}'.format(table))
Jack: 4098; Sjoerd: 4127; Dcab: 8637678

>>> table = {'Sjoerd': 4127, 'Jack': 4098, 'Dcab': 8637678}
>>> print('Jack: {Jack:d}; Sjoerd: {Sjoerd:d}; Dcab: {Dcab:d}'.format(**table))
Jack: 4098; Sjoerd: 4127; Dcab: 8637678

>>> for x in range(1, 11):
...     print('{0:2d} {1:3d} {2:4d}'.format(x, x*x, x*x*x))
...
 1   1    1
 2   4    8
 3   9   27
 4  16   64
 5  25  125
 6  36  216
 7  49  343
 8  64  512
 9  81  729
10 100 1000

>>> f = open('workfile', 'w')

>>> with open('workfile') as f:
...     read_data = f.read()
>>> f.closed
True

>>> f.close()
>>> f.read()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: I/O operation on closed file.

>>> f.read()
'This is the entire file.\n'
>>> f.read()
''

>>> f.readline()
'This is the first line of the file.\n'
>>> f.readline()
'Second line of the file\n'
>>> f.readline()
''

>>> for line in f:
...     print(line, end='')
...
This is the first line of the file.
Second line of the file

>>> f.write('This is a test\n')
15

>>> value = ('the answer', 42)
>>> s = str(value)  # convert the tuple to string
>>> f.write(s)
18

>>> f = open('workfile', 'rb+')
>>> f.write(b'0123456789abcdef')
16
>>> f.seek(5)      # Go to the 6th byte in the file
5
>>> f.read(1)
b'5'
>>> f.seek(-3, 2)  # Go to the 3rd byte before the end
13
>>> f.read(1)
b'd'

person0 = {'name': 'xiaohong', 'age': '18'}
person1 = {'name': 'xiaoming', 'age': '20'}

def print_person(person):
    print('name: %s ,age: %d' % (persion['name'], person['age']))

class Person(object):
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def print_person(self):
        print('name: %s ,age: %d' % (persion['name'], person['age']))

person0 = Person('xiaohong', 18)
person1 = Person('xiaoming', 20)

person0.print_person()
person1.print_person()

import random
import datetime
from openpyxl import Workbook

'''
@param filename:生成的excel文件名
'''
def CreateExcel(filename):
    # 创建文件对象
    wb = Workbook()

    # 获取一个sheet
    firstSheet = wb.active

    # 写入内容
    # 这里选择使用append()方法，该方法直接将列表作为一行添加到execl中，列表中的每个元素存入一个一个单元格
    firstSheet.append(titles)

    # 按单元格写入excel
    # 由于上面已经写入了一行内容，所以这里从第2行开始
    firstSheet['A2'] = 1
    '''
    random.randint(1, 10) 返回1到10之间的整数
    '''
    firstSheet['B2'] = '部门'+str(random.randint(1, 10))
    firstSheet['C2'] = 'name'+str(random.randint(1, 10))
    firstSheet['D2'] = '地址'+str(random.randint(1, 10))
    if random.randint(0, 3000) % 2 == 0:
        firstSheet['E2'] = '是'
    else:
        firstSheet['E2'] = '否'
    firstSheet['F2'] = ways[random.randint(1, 9999) % 3]
    '''
    datetime.date.today() 获取当前日期，
    strftime('%Y-%m-%d') 格式化为“年-月-日”格式的字符串
    '''
    firstSheet['G2'] = datetime.date.today().strftime('%Y-%m-%d')

    # 保存
    wb.save(filename)


'''
@param files: 要汇总的excel文件列表
@param filename: 汇总后的excel文件名
'''
def CountExcel(files, filename):
    # 打开文件对象
    wb = Workbook()
    # 获取一个sheet
    ws = wb.active
    # 写入表头
    ws.append(titles)

    i = 1
    for name in files:
        # 打开已存在的文件
        wbTmp = load_workbook(name)
        wsTmp = wbTmp.active
        rows = []
        # 迭代获取sheet中的所有行
        for row in wsTmp.iter_rows():
            rows.append(row)

        # 为序号赋值
        rows[1][0].value = i

        # 因为每个excel表都只有两行，且第一行为表头，所以这里直接取第2行中的单元格的值
        cells = []
        for r in rows[1]:
            cells.append(r.value)
        ws.append(cells)
        i += 1

    wb.save(filename)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    import os
    # 删除当前目录下的total.xlsx
    if os.path.exists('total.xlsx'):
        os.remove('total.xlsx')

    # 生成200个excel文件
    for i in range(1, 201):
        CreateExcel(str(i)+'.xlsx')

    excels = []
    # 遍历当前文件夹，获取目录下的所有excel文件
    for filepath, dirname, filenames in os.walk(r'.'):
        # 根据后缀来判断excel
        for filename in filenames:
            if os.path.splitext(filename)[-1] == '.xlsx':
                excels.append(filename)

    # 将所有的excel文件整合成一个文件
    CountExcel(excels, 'total.xlsx')

    # for excel in excels:
    #     os.remove(excel)